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The special characteristics of functionally graded materials (FGMs) is the continuous variation of material properties with respect to spatial coordinates. Bamboo, bone and human skin are examples of natural FGMs. In industry, FGMs can be manufactured as composite of at least two constituents, e.g. ceramics and metal. By special manufacturing process, the volume ratios of … Read more
Being different from mesh-based methods, e.g. Finite Element Method, the meshfree methods only used nodes to represent the problem domain. For discretization, nodes are generated on the boundaries in inside the domain. Due to the absence of elements, information on the nodal connectivity is not required. Thus, meshfree methods offer better flexibility in terms of … Read more
The finite element method is currently one of the most popular numerical methods for solving engineering problems. Based on the Galerkin weak form, the problem domain is discretized into non-overlapping sub-domains, namely elements. The elements usually take simple geometrical shape, e.g triangles or quadrilaterals (see the Figure below). The vertices of elements are called nodes. … Read more